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  • Units
    • Unit #1 Introduction to APES>
      • The Lorax and Easter's End
      • NOTES #1
      • RESPONSE TO: Happy fishing game
      • Earth Day Network Footprint
      • Footprint video reflection
      • "The Story of Stuff" Reflection
      • NOTES #2
      • Ivory- Billed Woodpecker Questions W/ Answers
      • coyote lab report
    • Unit #2 Biomes, Biogechemical cycles, Energy and Succession>
      • Chapter 6 Screecast Notes
      • cycling webquest
      • Ocean Acidification Lab Report
      • Traveling Nitrogen Passport
      • Oceans Invisible Forest
      • The fish and the forest
      • Danger of ocean Acidification
      • Enriching the Sea to Death
      • Dissolved Oxygen and Primary Productivity lab
      • Chapter 3
      • Terrestrial Biomes
      • Aquatic Ecosystems
      • Wetlands
      • Life in the Ocean
      • Phytoplankton Lab
      • Introduction to the World’s Biomes
      • Ecological Succession notes/ activity
      • MT. ST. Helens back from the dead Worksheet
      • An earth without people
      • Life after people Response :
    • Unit #3 Ecosystems, Food webs and Biodiversity>
      • species Interactions and Community Ecology
      • Boceman Science: Ecosystem guided viewing
      • Borneo Reflection
      • Food for thought-Trophic level
      • Chapter 5
      • The prolific afterlife
      • oh Deer
      • Predator and Prey Simulation
      • Natural selection -Guided reading
      • Keystone Species
      • Populations Guided Viewing
      • Communities Guided Reading
      • ecosystem service
      • Ecosystems on the brink
      • Biology Essentials>
        • Reproductive Isolation and Speciation
        • Exponential Growth
        • Logistic growth
        • Biodiversity
      • Galapagos Islands
      • Chapter 8
      • Something's Fishy lab
      • R & K selection
      • Gorillas in the Mist REFLECTION
      • How big is my population?
      • Comparing Biodiversity: Field Quadrant
      • Biodiversity Hotspot Activity
      • Endangered species
      • Wanted species
    • Unit #4 Wildlife management, Fisheries and Environmental conversation>
      • Apes in a box
      • Fish Harvesting Tecniques
      • Which species to save? sA Article
      • Can sustainable management help save Tropical Forests? ARTICLE REVIEW
      • Deforestation: Threats to Biodiversity
      • On the Termination of Species Article Review
      • Bushmeat DNA blast
      • Saving the Honeybee Article Review
      • Conversation for the People Article Review
      • Endangered Species Graphic Organizer
      • Invasive Species- Graphic Organizer
      • Rangelands, Grasslands, and Parks
      • Mapping the National Parks
      • Case Study: Corridors
      • Endangered Species Presentation
      • Endangered Species Coalition
    • Unit #5- Environmental History and Laws>
      • Environmental History and Laws guided reading
      • Silent Spring -Response
      • Chapter #7 -Questions and Keyterms
      • Notes on: Environmental Justice, External Costs, Cost-Benefit Analysis and The Story of Broke
      • Economics in a Full World Article Review
    • Unit #6- Human Populations and Urban Environments>
      • Human Population Grows up - Article Review
      • Chapter #4- Human population and the Environment
      • Human Population Growth and Capacity
      • Human Population- Guided viewing
      • 4 Stages of Demographic Transition
      • Population, Proverty & Local Environment- Article Review
      • Chapter #27 -Guided Viewing
      • How green is your city - S.A Article
      • How Man Affects the Weather: Guided Viewing Worksheet
      • Urban Heat Islands activity
      • Urban Heat Island Effect - Guided Viewing
    • Unit #7 - Waste, Risk and Toxicology>
      • Kermit or Kermette? - Case study
      • Chapter #10 Guided Reading
      • Toxicology Basics Notes
      • Toxins in your Neighborhood
      • Home Toxins Audit
      • The story of Cosmetics/ Electronics Notes
      • Radioactive Smoke Article Review
      • Biomagnification Activity
      • Tuna for Lunch Case Study
      • Survey Data
      • Solid and Hazardous Waste Notes
      • Lead Shot Toxicity in Trumpeter Swans
      • Omnivores Deilemma- Chapter 2
      • Arsenic in Drinking Water- SA article
      • Chapter # 23
      • Excessive Product Packaging- Article Review
      • Recycle City
      • The Dangers of Plastic Bags
      • Interactive incirneration Activity
      • Anatomy of a Landfill
      • Landfill Activity
      • Landfills - Enerdy
      • Project fast food
      • Addicted to plastic
      • The rescue Wokers Dilemma
      • Decibel Delimma Article
      • Radon Guided Viewing
      • LD-50 Lab (Black Worms)
    • Unit #8: Water pollution and water issues>
      • Fracking Article Review
      • Gasland
      • bioremediation Assignment
      • Chapter #19
      • Virtual water Testing Lab #1
      • Virtual water Testing Lab #2
      • Wading in Waste Article Review
      • Using Invertebrates for water indicators
      • Poison in the Rockies
      • Water Pollution Notes
      • WQI Webquest
      • Clean Energy from Filthy Water Article Review
      • Wastewater Treatment Activity
      • Mountaintop Removal Webquest
      • Chapter 18 Guided Reading
      • Water Footprint Calculation
      • Blue Gold- Water wars Reflection
      • Down Go The Dams - Article Review
      • Facing the Fresh Water Crisis
      • Personal Water Use Inventory
    • Unit #10- Argriculture, Foresty, and Land Management/Soil>
      • Chapter #11- Guided Viewing Worksheet
      • Poshphorus- A looming Crisis : AVID
      • APES in a Box: Soil Profile
      • Dirt Response
      • Apes in a Box: Soil Pyramid
      • Food Inc
      • Omnivore's Dilemma- Chapter #4
      • Soil Column: Results
      • Harvest of Fear - Guided viewing & Essay
      • Guess what's coming to Dinner?
      • Should we grow GM Crops?
      • Engineer a Crop
      • Apes in a Box: Integrated Pest Management & Biological Pest Control
      • Michael Pollan: Note videos
      • CAFO Case Study
      • Could Food Shortages Bring Down Civilization?
    • Unit #9- Atmosphere, Air Pollution, and Greenhouse effect >
      • Development of the Atmosphere
      • Carbon Cycle and the Green house effect
      • An inconvenient Truth
      • A Plan to Keep Carbon in Check
      • Smog City Activity
      • Ozone- online Assignment
      • Chapter #21 PPT and Notes
      • Global Climate Change- Book project
      • The oceans and the Weather -SA article
      • El nino and la nina
      • SA Article: The Greenhouse Hamburger
    • Unit #11- Introduction to Energy >
      • Crude, The incredible Journey of Oil
      • Chapters #14, #15 Guided Reading Assignment
      • The Arctic Oil & Wildlife Refuge
      • Energy Efficiency
      • Home energy Audit
      • Apes in a Box- Review of Fossil Fuels
      • Chapter #16 & 17- Guided Reading
      • Apes in a Box #2
      • Energy Comparison Chart
      • The False Promise of Biofuels
      • The Rise of Renewable Energy
    • unit #12>
      • Omnivore's Dilemma Chapter 5
      • Omnivore's Dilemma Chapter 6
  • scrAPES
    • Article 1
    • Article 2
    • Article 3
    • Article 4
    • Article 5
    • Aritcle 6
    • Article 7
    • Toxins in your hair
    • Amid China air, water pollution, soil survey reveals century-old heavy metals
    • Everyday Exposure to Toxic Pollutants
    • Lead Poisoning
    • BPA and Human Health Effects
    • China- India Rivalry

Chapter 5:

Case Study: Sea Otters, Sea Urchins, and Kelp: Indirect Effects of Species on One Another

1: Define: Community Effect
A community Effect is when people live under the same gorvernment and the government is effective to the people.

2: Explain WHY the Sea Otter is considered the Keystone Species in this ecosystem. (Hint: 
Explain the food chain)

The sea otter is considered the keystone species in the ecosystem since they destroy kelp and could also destroy habitat for other organisms. 
3: Why were Sea Otters endangered and how did their numbers rebound? 

The Sea Otters were endangered since people would hunt them for their fur. Their numbers rebounded since small populations survived.

5.1- The Ecosystem: Sustaining Life on Earth

1: Define Ecosystem Structure

It is the Pattern of the interrelations of organisms in time and in spatial arrangements
2: What two main processes must occur to maintain an ecosystem? 

Cycling of chemical nutrients and flow of energy

5.2- Ecological Communities and Food Chains


1: What is the difference between a food chain and a food web? 

A food chain is when it shows the popularity eaten by the predators from bottom to the main when the food web is 
a system of interlocking and interdependent food chains

2: Define: Trophic Level

It is when several hierarchical levels in an ecosystem, comprising organisms that share the same function in the food chain and the same nutritional relationship to the primary sources of energy.

3: Define: 

Autotrophs- It is an organism that makes its own food.
Heterotrophs- It is the rest of the organism.
Carnivores- An animal that feeds on flesh.
Herbivores- An animal that feeds on plants. 
Decomposers- An organism  that decomposes organic material.

4: Explain the food web of Yellowstone Hot Springs. Explain each trophic level (include a 

photo).
The first level is larger carnivores and red mites. The second level are predatory insects and Ephydid flies. The last level is cyanobacteria.
Picture
5: Explain a pelagic ecosystem. Explain each trophic level (include photos).Pelagic ecosystems have more organisms.  The first level is the photosynthetic bacteria. The second level is Zooplankton  invertebrates that feed on algae form.The third level is  Fish and other invertebrates feed on these herbivores. The fourth level are whales, sharks etc.
Picture

A Closer Look- Land and Marine Food Webs

1: Look at the terrestrial food web. Should we include people within this ecosystem’s food web? 
That would place us within nature. OR should we place people outside of the ecosystem, thus 
separate from nature? 
Us, Humans should be the 5th predator in a food web since we are the main predators of these animals.

5.3- Ecosystems as Systems
1: Why are ecosystems considered to be OPEN systems? 

Energy and matter in ecosystems can move in and out of the system.
2: Define: Watershed
It is an area or ridge of land that separates waters flowing to different rivers, basins, or seas.

5.4- Biological Production and Ecosystem Energy Flow


1: Define: Energy

It is the strength and vitality required for sustained physical.
2: Explain: Ecosystem Energy Flow- What two ways does energy enter an ecosystem? 
The Laws of Thermodynamics and the Ultimate Limit on the Abundance of Life

 Two ways to enter energy in an ecosystem if when fixed organism are moving through food webs. Also heat energy is being transferred by air.


1: The First Law of Thermodynamics is also known as what? Define it.
It is also known by The Law of Conservation of Energy. It is the branch of physical science that deals with the relations between heat and other forms of energy, and, by extension, of the relationships between all forms of energy.
2: What is the Second Law of Thermodynamics say? 

No use of energy can ever be 100% efficient.

3: Define Entropy (give an example).
lack of order to gradual decline into disorder
4: What is an intermediate system? 

An OSI system which performs network layer

5.5- Biological Production and Biomass

1: What is biomass? 

The total mass of organisms in a given area.

 Define the following: 
*Biological Production-  is the capture of usable energy from the environment to produce organic matter.
* Gross Production- is the increase in stored energy before any is used.
* Net Production- is the amount of newly acquired energy stored after some energy has been used.

3: What are the 3 measures that are used for biomass and biological production? 

  •  Ecology of Species
  •  Ecology of Communities; 
  •  Biodiversity 
4: What is primary production- who carries this out? 
Primary Production is carried out by autotrophs
5: What is secondary production- who is involved?

 Secondary Production is the production carried out by heterotrophs. Heterotrophs are involved.

6: Who are chemoautotrophs? Explain- where are they usually found?

Bacteria, which is found deep-ocean vents and muds of marshes.


5.6- Energy Efficiency and Transfer Efficiency
1: What is energy efficiency? 
It is the ratio between the useful output of an energy conversion machine and the input, in energy terms.
2: How would energy efficiency look with a wolf and moose population? Explain.

Energy efficiency with a wolf and moose population would look highly energy efficient. It is also what the moose has ate that day.
3: What is food-chain or trophic level efficiency? 

A food chain is 
a hierarchical series of organisms each dependent on the next as a source of food.ratio of production of one trophic level to the next lower level.

4: Generally, how much energy is lost to heat when being transferred between trophic levels? 
Less than one percent when transferred between trophic levels is lost. 


5.7- Ecological Stability and Succession

1: What is ecological succession? 

The gradual and orderly process of change in an ecosystem brought about by the progressive replacement of one community by another until a stable climax is established
2: Compare and contrast primary and secondary succession- give an example of each.

Primary succession is one of two types of biological and ecological succession of plant life, occurring in an environment in which new substrate devoid of vegetation and usually lacking soil, such as a lava flow or area left from retreated glacier, is deposited.
 Secondary succession is one of the two types of ecological succession of plant life. As opposed to the first,  secondary succession is a process started by an event that reduces an already established ecosystem to a smaller population of species
 
3: Explain how succession would look in a Dune.

Succession in a dune would look all sandy. Dune grass shoots appear scattered on the slope.
4: Explain how succession would look in a Bog.

Succession in a bog would be an open body of water with no surface inlets with small stems. 
5: Explain how succession would look in an old-field.

Small plants adapt to the harsh conditions of the clearing. Larger plants will show up eventually which will create a dense forest.

6: Explain how succession would look in a coral reef.
Succession in a coral reef will look would look all colorful and full of life.
5.9- How Species Change Succession


1: Explain facilitation in succession and where is it most common? 

Species change the local environment in ways that make is suitable for another species on later stages. Earlier-successional species do this.
2: Explain interference in succession and what it can lead to.

Situations where the earlier-successional species changes the environment so it's unsuitable for another species of later-successional stage.
3: What is chronic patchiness? When does this occur? 

When no species interact through succession.
Critical Thinking Issue: Should People Eat Lower on the Food Chain? 

1:Why does the energy content decrease at each higher level of a food chain? What happens to 
the energy lost at each level? 

Energy decreases at a higher level, since the transfer of energy requires some of the energy to become heat. The energy lost becomes heat energy.
2: Why it is appropriate to use mass to represent energy content? 

It shows how much is needed to fulfill an organisms energy needs

3.Using the average of 21 kilojoules of energy to equal 1g of completely dried vegetation and assuming that wheat is 80% water, what is the energy content of the 333,000 kg of wheat shown in the pyramid? (show your work).
333,000kg/21=15857g

15857g*.80=12686 Joules.

4: Make a list of environmental arguments for and against an entirely vegetarian diet for people. 
What might be the consequences for the United States agriculture if everyone in the country 
began to eat lower on the food chain? 

Pros: More energy, healthier lifestyles
Cons: limited foods you could eat, The fat is has and less protein it has.

5: How low do you eat on the food chain? Would you be willing to eat lower? Explain.

I eat some things since i am picky, but i would eat lower if there wouldnt be enough animals to eat. 
Study Questions:
1: Farming has been described as managing land to keep it in an early stage of succession. What 
does this mean, and how is it achieved?
It means,farming is the original source of food. It's achieved by planting and watering.

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